India has the world’s third largest pharmaceutical industry, measured by production volume, and is one of the world’s biggest producers and exporters of antibiotics, especially older types of antibiotics, like penicillin. India is described as «the world’s pharmacy» If there is a shortage of different types of antibiotics, more broad-spectrum antibiotics might be used when not needed, which again can lead to increased antibiotic resistance, she explains. Antibiotics are used to treat infectious diseases. – Having access to the right type of antibiotics, at the right time, is vital to fight diseases, and to prevent antibiotic resistance globally. She used international trade data and literature to study India’s role in the global pharmaceutical industry, mapping out and describing changes in Indian export of antibiotics over time. Bjerke has traced the global export of antibiotics geographically. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that two billion people worldwide do not have access to basic medicines. – The covid-19 pandemic has shown the importance of having access to medicines when needed, and that global and local restrictions can cause disturbances in global pharmaceutical production and trade, Bjerke says. Access to medicines is crucial to prevent antibiotic resistance The article «Antibiotic geographies and access to medicines: Tracing the role of India's pharmaceutical industry in global trade» was first published in Social Science & Medicine. For instance, when the ingredients are produced in India or China, and the medicines are produced somewhere else, Bjerke explains. – Often the production-chains are hidden, and it can be hard to see where the medicines and their ingredients come from. They can be made from a variety of materials, including stainless steel, plastic, and glass.– We know that a lot of antibiotics today are produced in and exported from India and China, but few researchers have tried to figure out how much exactly, Lise Bjerke, PhD student at the Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo says.ījerke studies how antibiotics move between different countries and markets worldwide, and have been tracing antibiotics produced in India. Ranking Medical Instruments ranks 262nd in the Product Complexity Index (PCI).ĭescription Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences are used to help diagnose diseases. Tariffs In 2018 the average tariff for Medical Instruments was 3.57%, making it the 1084th lowest tariff using the HS4 product classification. Imports In 2021 the top importers of Medical Instruments were United States ($31.9B), Germany ($11.9B), Netherlands ($11.7B), China ($10.7B), and Japan ($6.69B). They include Instruments, appliances for medical, etc science, nes, Needles, catheters, cannulae etc, (medical), Electro-diagnostic apparatus, nes, Syringes, with or without needles, Instruments and appliances, used in dentistry, Ophthalmic instruments and appliances, Tubular metal needles and needles for sutures, Electro-cardiographs, Dental drill engines, and Ultra-violet or infra-red ray apparatus, among others.Įxports In 2021 the top exporters of Medical Instruments were United States ($30.2B), Germany ($18.9B), Mexico ($12.2B), Netherlands ($11.9B), and China ($11.2B). Medical Instruments are a part of Optical, photo, & film equipment medical instruments. Trade in Medical Instruments represent 0.71% of total world trade. Between 20 the exports of Medical Instruments grew by 13%, from $133B to $150B. In 2021, Medical Instruments were the world's 14th most traded product, with a total trade of $150B. Overview This page contains the latest trade data of Medical Instruments.
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